Refrigerant R290 (propane)
- Our professional clarifies
Blog article 14.05.2025Heat pumps use different refrigerants depending on the area of application. While R32 is still the standard today, natural refrigerants are increasingly coming into focus. The natural refrigerant R290 (propane) belongs to the group of hydrocarbons and meets the requirements of the amended F-Gas Regulation as well as today's requirements for high energy efficiency. We asked our air conditioning expert Thomas Miles for his expert opinion on future-proofing and safety precautions.
- Future-proof and environmentally friendly (GWP of 0.02 (IPCC AR6))
- Eligible for funding under the BEG (as of 11/23)
- non-toxic
Thomas, can you start by saying a few words about the refrigerant R290? Why is it a natural refrigerant? What are its properties?
The refrigerant R290 is based on propane. Propane is a natural refrigerant and belongs to the group of hydrocarbons. This means it is not an HFC or CFC and is therefore not affected by the F-Gas Regulation and the phase-down. With a GWP, or Global Warming Potential, of 0.02 (IPCC AR6), it is an environmentally friendly and future-proof solution. R290 belongs to safety group A3 and is therefore considered highly flammable, which is why, among other things, protection zones must be observed during installation.
That sounds very good and future-proof. What exactly are the advantages?
Yes, R290 is considered a future-proof refrigerant. R290 also enables flow temperatures of up to 75°C in heat pumps, making it suitable for renovations with radiators. In addition, domestic hot water can be heated to temperatures of up to 70°C, reducing the need for additional electrical heating.
Are R290 heat pumps also eligible for the BEG (federal subsidy for efficient buildings)?
Yes, R290 heat pumps are eligible for an additional 5% BEG subsidy for the use of natural refrigerant. (BEG 11/23)
Is there anything special to consider when installing or using R290 heat pumps?
First of all, the area of application: Due to its environmental compatibility and physical properties, propane is used in heat pumps that reliably supply flow temperatures of up to 75 °C at outdoor temperatures as low as -15 °C and up to 65 °C at outdoor temperatures as low as -25 °C.
R290 belongs to safety group A3, which is why, among other things, protected areas must be observed during installation. In the case of free-standing installation, there must be no ignition sources and no openings or inlets into the building within a range of one meter around the appliance and a height of up to 30 cm. If the appliance is placed in a corner or niche, the safety zone is extended to 2.5 m to the front.
Are there any other things - apart from the safety zones - that need to be taken into account during installation?
Not specifically related to propane - but as with all heat pumps that use the outside air as a heat source, the installation should of course be chosen so that the air flow can pass through the appliance as unhindered as possible.
The refrigerant R290 (propane) has to contend with many prejudices. For example, R290 is said to be dangerous. What do you think?
It is true that propane is highly flammable. However, if the appliance is handled and operated correctly, the risks are virtually negligible. It is important to observe the safety zones accordingly and to have the appliance installed, commissioned and maintained only by competent persons.
That all sounds very good. Is there anything else to consider when installing an R290 heat pump?
I recommend a training course on handling propane R290 with an appropriate qualification. This will teach you what you need to bear in mind when using the natural refrigerant R290 in heating technology applications. After all, "safety first" applies here too!
